Measurements

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1.general physics  1.1 length and time  -i-Physical Quantity Physical Quantities A physical quantity is a property of an object that can be measured with a measuring instrument. A physical quantity is usually expressed as “a magnitude ( numerical value)  and a  physical unit or more ” Example :- Normal body temperature of a healthy human being is  37  0 C -ii-Length Measuring Length. Length is “the distance between two points in a space”. According to SI units, the length quantity is expressed in meter. There are several kinds of measuring devices used to measure quantity of length, among others, are as follows. Tools used… a-   Measuring tape. b-   Ruler c-   Vernier callipers. d-    Micrometer Measurement of length Length is measured accurately through many methods. Here are some: Method Notes Ruler Used to make simple measurements accurate to  0.1 cm  (1 mm) Vernier caliper Used to make simple measurements accurate to
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Pressure

Pressure 

The relationship between pressure, force and area:

  • Learn above formula by heart, if definition of pressure is asked in exam just write above formula in words as
Pressure = force / area
Theoretical understanding of the formula: If we look at the formula, the force is in numerator and area is in denominator. If force is large and area is small then the pressure would be bigger and vice versa.
As If Force = 5 N and area is 5 m2
then pressure is P= 5/5 =1 N/m2  or  pascal
However,
if force = 5 N and area is 0.5 m2
then pressure would be P = 5 / 0.5 = 10 N/m2
Conclusion
That is why camel can walk on the desert but a beautiful lady with a high and sharp heel can not. Reason, camel’s feet are wide so area is large and camel’s weight is divided on four legs. However, the beautiful lady’s weight is divided only on two feet and whose contact area with the ground is very small due to sharp heels.


Example#1: An elephant weighing 40,000 N stands on one foot of area 1000 cm2 (0.1 m2). What pressure is extered on the ground?
Pressure = Force / Area                                = 40,000 /0.1      = 400,000 N/m2
Example#2: What is the pressure exerted by a girl weighing 400 N standing on one ‘stiletto’ heel of area of 1 cm2 (0.00001 m2)?
Solution:  Since Pressure = force / area  = 400 / 0.00001  = 4000000 N/m2   which is ten times bigger than elephant’s pressure on ground.
Examples, a woman having mass of 50 kg wearing a pointed heel of 0.1 cm2 would apply a pressure of 500 N; whereas, a woman having same mass wearing a heel of 0.5 cm2 would apply a pressure of 100 N. So what do you think which lady can walk easily on sand. The one with larger area of heel because smaller heel would apply more pressure and would dip deeper in sand.

Pressure in liquids

The barometer has a tube with vacuum at the top and mercury filling the rest. The pressure of the air pushes down on the reservoir, forcing the mercury up the tube. You measure the height of the mercury in the test tube, and the units used are mm of mercury. ~760 mm of mercury is 1 atm.
•A manometer measures the pressure difference. The height difference shows the excess pressure: the extra pressure in addition to atmospheric pressure. 




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