Thermal capacity (heat capacity)

Heat capacity 

When something has a rise in temperature, its internal energy increases.

Thermal capacity = specific heat capacity (J/Kg) × mass

The specific heat capacity of a body is the quantity of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1°C. ... To change the temperature of a body means to change the average kinetic energy of its particles.

Specific heat capacity = energy transferred / (mass × temperature change)
c = E / (m × ΔT)

An experiment can be carried out to find the specific heat capacity of a substance. You should
know the power of the electric heater, the amount of time it is left on, the mass of the material being tested and the temperature change. For a liquid, it can be simply poured in, but for a solid like Aluminium, holes have to be drilled in for the heater and thermometer.
Power of heater × time left on = energy supplied by heater
Energy supplied by heater / (mass × temperature change) = specific heat capacity
The experiment makes no allowance for any thermal energy lost from the beaker, so the value of c is approximate 

Melting and boiling 

When melting or boiling a substance, energy is put in, but there is no change in temperature. The energy absorbed is called the latent heat of fusion/vaporization. A change of state happens when the particles have enough energy to overcome the forces between them. In melting, the solid vibrates so much that the particles can break away from their positions. 

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance (in solid state) melts (it is equal to the freezing point)
•Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance (in liquid state) boils (“you don’t say”) 

Condensation and solidification: is when a gas turns back into a liquid. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy. They move more and more slowly. When they bump into each other, they do not have enough energy to bounce away again. They stay close together, and a liquid forms. When a liquid cools, the particles slow down even more. Eventually they stop moving except for vibrations and a solid forms. 

The latent heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to melt 1Kg of a substance.

The latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of energy needed to boil 1Kg of a substance When a substance freezes it is losing the same amount of energy as the latent heat of fusion 

When the molecules of a substance settle into the regular patter of a solid, energy is released as bonds are formed. This energy released is called latent heat. This stops the temperature from falling.When the molecules of a substance settle into the regular patter of a solid, energy is released as bonds are formed. This energy released is called latent heat. This stops the temperature from falling.